[solved]-IMOGENE KING THEORY OF GOAL ATTAINMENT

Theories Based on Interactive Process

Major Concepts and Definitions

1. Interaction

A process of perception and communication
Between person and environment
Between person and person
Represented by verbal and nonverbal behaviors
Goal-directed
Each individual brings different knowledge , needs, goals, past experiences and perceptions, which influence interaction

2. Communication

Information from person to person
Directly or indirectly
Information component of interaction

3. Perception

Each person’s representation of reality

4. Transaction

Purposeful interaction leading to goal attainment

5. Role

A set of behaviours expected of person’s occupying a position in a social system
Rules that define rights and obligations in a position

6. Stress

Dynamic state
Human being interacts with the environment

7. Growth and development

Continuous changes in individuals
At cellular, molecular and behavioural levels of activities
Helps individuals move towards maturity

8.Time

Sequence of events
Moving onwards to the future

9. Space

Existing in all directions
Same everywhere
Immediate environment (nurse and client interaction

MAJOR ASSUMPTIONS

Nursing

Observable behaviour
In health care system in society
Goal – to help individuals maintain health
Interpersonal process of action; reaction, interaction and transaction

Person

Social beings
Sentient beings
Rational beings
Perceiving beings
Controlling beings
Purposeful beings
Action – oriented beings
Time – oriented beings

Health

Dynamic state in the life cycle
Continuous adaptation to stress
To achieve maximum potential for daily living
Function of nurse, patient, physicians, family and other interactions

Environment

Open system
Constantly changing
Influences adjustment to life and health

Personal system

Concepts

Perception
Self
Body image
Growth and development
Time
Space

Interpersonal system

Concepts

Interaction
Transaction
Communication
Role
Stress

Social system

Concepts

Organization
Authority
Power
Status
Decision making

ASSUMPTIONS

Perceptions, goals, needs and values of the nurses and client influence interaction process
Individuals have the right to knowledge about themselves and to participate in decisions that influence their life, health and community services
Health professionals have the responsibility that helps individuals to make informed decisions about their health care
Individuals have the right to accept or reject health care
Goals of health professionals and recipients of health care may not be congruent

II. SISTER CALLISTA ROY: ADAPTATION MODEL
Introduction

Begins with man
Man as a biopsychosocial being
In constant interaction with his environment

Focus of nursing

Man’s position on the health – illness continuum
Influenced by ability to adapt to confronted stimuli

MAJOR CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS

System

a set of units so related or connected as to form a unit characterised by inputs, out puts, control and feedback process.

Adaptational level

a constantly changing point, made up of focal, contextual and residual stimuli
represent the persons own standard of the range of stimuli, to which one can respond with the ordinary adaptive response

Adaptation problems:

the occurrence of situations of inadequate responses to need deficits or excesses

Focal stimulus:

stimulus most immediately confronting the person
must make an adaptive response
factor that precipitates behaviour

Contextual stimuli

all other stimuli present
contribute to behaviour caused by the focal stimuli

Residual stimuli

factors that may be affecting behaviour
effect not validated

Regulator

subsystem coping mechanism
responds automatically through neural-chemical-endocrine processes

Cognator

subsystem coping mechanism
cognitive – emotive process
responds through
perception, information
processing, learning
judgment and emotion

Adaptive (effector) modes

classification of ways of coping
manifests regulator and cognator activity
physiologic, self concept, role function and interdependence

Adaptive responses

Promote integrity of the person in terms of the goals of survival, growth, reproduction and mastery.

Ineffective responses:

Does not contribute to adaptive goals

Physiological mode
-involves body’s basic needs and ways of dealing with adaptation in relation to

Fluid and electrolytes
Exercise and rest
Elimination
Nutrition
Circulation
Oxygen

-regulation includes:

The senses
Temperature
Endocrine regulation

Self – concept mode:

composite of belief and feeling
formed from perceptions
directs one’s behaviour

components are :
the physical self
the personal self
Role performance mode:

performance of duties
based on given positions in society

Interdependence mode:

one’s relation with significant others
support system
maintains psychic integrity
meets needs for nurturance and affection

MAJOR ASSUMPTIONS

from system theory
from Helson’s theory
from humanism

Assumptions from systems theory

a system is a set of units so related or connected as to form a unit or whole
a system is a whole that functions as a whole by virtue of the interdependence of its parts
systems have inputs, outputs and control and feedback processes
input, in the form of a standard or feedback (information)
living systems are more complex than mechanical systems and have standards and feedback to direct their functioning as a whole.

Assumptions from helson’s theory

human behaviour represents adaptation to environmental and organismic forces
adaptive behaviour is a function of the stimulus and adaptation level, that is, the pooled effect of the focal, contextual and residual stimuli
adaptation is a process of responding positively to environmental changes
responses reflect the state of the organism as well as the properties of stimuli and hence are regarded as active processes.

Assumptions from humanism

Persons have their own creative power
A persons behaviour is purposeful and not merely a chain of cause and effect
Person is holistic
A person’s opinions and view points are of value
The interpersonal relationship is significant.

Elements

Nursing

A science and practice discipline
A theoretical system of knowledge
Prescribes a process of analysis and action
Related to the care of the ill or potentially ill person

Person

A biopsychosocial being
A living, complex, adaptive system
With internal processes (the cognator and regulator)
Acting to maintain adaptation to the four modes

Health

A state and a process of being and becoming an integrated and whole person

Environment

All the conditions, circumstances and influences surrounding and affecting the development and behaviour of persons or groups

References

Alligood M.R, Tomey. A.M. Nursing theory utilization and application. 2nd Ed. Mosby, Philadelphia, 2002.
Tomey AM, Alligood. MR. Nursing theorists and their work. (5th ed.). Mosby, Philadelphia, 2002.
George B. Julia , Nursing Theories- The base for professional Nursing Practice , 3rd ed. Norwalk, Appleton and Lange.
Wills M.Evelyn, McEwen Melanie (2002). Theoretical Basis for Nursing Philadelphia. Lippincott Williamsand wilkins.
Meleis Ibrahim Afaf (1997) , Theoretical Nursing : Development and Progress 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Lippincott.
Taylor Carol,Lillis Carol (2001)The Art and Science Of Nursing Care 4th ed. Philadelphia, Lippincott.
Potter A Patricia, Perry G Anne (1992)Fundamentals Of Nursing –Concepts Process and Practice 3rd ed. London Mosby Year Book.

Expert Answer

---

. . .